The cloning and its benefits for Humanity
After describing the structure of cells and their operation, we will discuss the use of stem cells, specific cells used for therapeutic cloning.
We begin by defining what a clone.
Ethymologie: The word comes from the Greek clone: klon which means “small part” or “shoot”.
The clone is defined as a set of cells or living organisms derived from each other by an asexual reproduction.The video that follows is a report by France 5, its theme is the cloning of stem cells and his subject is entitled: Cloning: repair man by man.

In the first excerpt, therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning are explained, and the medical application of therapeutic cloning here for Huntington’s disease. A cloning from embryonic stem cells with the agreement of parents fetal death is carried out before our eyes.
It is increasingly using the term “cloning” to describe everything and sometimes anything. Before discussing the various techniques of cloning:
extract video that follows attempts to explain the confusion that can intervene in matters of “cloning” and its use sometimes too media sometimes leading to the fetishization of the term “clone”.
The cloning techniques
Here is the result of the video cloning: repair man by man. In this second extract specialists involved, including Dr. Jean-Paul Renard, a researcher at INRA and Professor Ian Wilmut, the creator of Dolly the sheep. They tell us the progress of cloning. Indeed, we visit an experimental farm where the animal cloning is to force us rencotrons and the creator of Dolly which is why it is now therapeutic cloning to treat diseases such disease charcot (dementia) .
The cloning by nuclear transfer
A brief history
The cloning by nuclear transfer is a technique used for the first time at the frog in 1952 and won great success during its use on mammals in 1986.
Technique
This cloning requires the use of two cells. The first is a cell énuclée. It will be the donor cell nucleus. The second is most often an unfertilised egg and we extract shortly after ovulation. It will be the cell receptor.
* Obtaining cells of the donor nucleus
First, it dissociates the first cells of an embryo obtained by sexual reproduction.
These cells are called blastomeres, as we have seen previously, they are from one of the first divisions of the fertilized egg and are therefore able to reconstitute a complete organism.
Then we met them a few days in culture in an environment nutritious as they were in their natural environments.
These cells are the cells of the donor nucleus.
* Obtaining cells
Meanwhile, in an animal of the same species, then remove the eggs are removed and their kernels.
* Transfer kernel
Finally we realized the transfer of all nuclear blastomeres in ova énuclées.
It leads to artificially fusion of two cells by a net electric current to stimulate and trigger at the same time embryonic development.
These will be reconstructed embryos grown in vitro until they blastula stage to finally return to the uterus of a female of his species. They may speak clone because the cells at the root of the reconstructed embryos had the same genetic heritage.
b) The specific therapeutic cloning
The technique of therapeutic cloning, legalized in some countries differs from that of reproductive cloning:
When the nucleus of blatosmeres is transferred into enucleated oocyte, we get cell division after a cloned embryo.
However, at this time, instead reintegrate the cloned embryo into the uterus of the female, he shall, as is indicated on the diagram below, its internal cells otherwise known as embryonic stem cells, discovered in 1970.
Finally these embryonic stem cells will be placed in test tubes or any other instrument allowing for planting.
These cells in a re-organization will help repair damaged tissues.
The therapeutic cloning of embryonic stem cells
c) The case of a clone famous Dolly
Dolly was born in 1996, a nuclear transfer enough. Indeed, it comes from the nucleus of a somatic cell, non-reproductive, adult. This cell is also differentiated, meaning that it specializes in a given function. The nucleus led to Dolly was located in a mammary gland cell.
(Since the cloning of the sheep, fear towards reproductive cloning has invaded France and especially politicians and the Commission on Ethics French)
The clone Dolly
c) Another technique of reproductive cloning
Let us not forget that there is a second technique to achieve reproductive cloning, it is called division of embryos and give birth two or more genetically identical individuals.
REVIEW: comparison between reproductive and therapeutic cloning
The video explains the following techique of human cloning and reveals the creation of five clones by an American team. Therapeutic cloning is also dealt with the creation of embryonic stem cells which do not come from a fetus.
d) News: cloning in literature
Cloning a being that is wrong because this nature is to be manufactured, created through science and not designed.
Indeed, the technique of cloning by nuclear transfer reconstitutes artificially leurrant an embryo in the egg.
Indeed, the nucleus of an egg is removed to make room for another kernel that will be derived either from an embryo or an adult organism. This new will be reconstituted is not established.
Science fiction
Science fiction has used clones (from duplicating animals or human beings) to make his films to great success. As in Jurassic Park, Steven Spielberg making reappear dinosaurs through reproductive cloning. Or in the fourth phase of Alien JP Jeunet. Aldus Huxley, author of Brave New World has also opted to describe what life would be if the reproductive cloning was allowed. France is sceptical face therapeutic cloning because it is afraid that it adrift in reproductive cloning and so transforms the man in question, since the American Thomson discovered that stem cells were also present in the human body ( in 1998). Indeed the border between the two cloning is thin.
From the viewpoint of ethics therapeutic cloning raises as many concerns as reproductive cloning, because an embryo is created and that the embryo has a special status for certain religions. The use of an embryo is delicate, that is why the use of embryonic stem cells pose much of a problem that the use of adult stem cells.
The National Advisory Committee on Ethics allow therapeutic cloning while the European Commission is totally against.